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- Results in brief
- Key messages
- Pressure for change and a common understanding of the problem
- More participation is not enough
- Multi-actor platforms need a clear mandate and political anchorage in order to be relevant and meaningful
- Potential synergies exist for evidence-based practices
- Barriers to water quality protection relate to lack of political will and scarce instruction
- Structural policy choices can reduce inputs and pressures at source
- Improved coherence in EU policy will strengthen protection of drinking water resources
- Capacity at local level is needed for good drinking water quality
- There are obstacles to exchanging decision support tools between countries
- Few management tools consider the impact of mitigation methods
- Decision support tools help optimize yield and prevent pollution
- Reduction of pesticide pollution demands a combination of actions
- Measures to reduce nitrate leaching can risk pollution swapping
- Measures to reduce nitrate losses need real-world validation
- Nitrogen surplus can be an ambiguous indicator
- Lag times exist between between leaching and aquifer impact
- Access to consistent databases is necessary for monitoring water quality
- Engagement of stakeholders in Water Safety Planning is essential
- Multi-actor platforms are important for joint strategy setting, but only one step towards achieving impacts
- Research highlights
- Review of measures to decrease nitrate pollution of drinking water sources
- Recommendations for the most promising activities, policies and tools
- Management practices that reduce nitrate transport
- Management practices that reduce pesticide transport
- Measures to reduce diffuse pesticide pollution from agricultural land
- From farm to drinking water: fit for the future?
- Effectiveness of EU regulations in the context of local realities
- Drinking water protection: coherence in EU law and policy
- Multi-actor platforms in the FAIRWAY project: summary of activities and experiences
- Advancing MAPs as vehicles for resolving issues on drinking water pollution from agriculture
- Lessons learned and recommendations for Water Safety Plans
- Evaluating agri-drinking water quality indicators in three case studies
- Database containing harmonized data sets
- Agri-drinking water quality indicators and IT/sensor techniques
- SprayDay: mobile app for infrequent pesticide users
- Use of passive samplers in drinking water catchments
- Decision support tool framework
- Actors' feedback on practices for improvement of water quality in FAIRWAY case studies and interim project results
- Barriers and issues in providing integrated scientific support for EU policy
- Evaluation of decision support tools
- Survey and review of decision support tools
- Video clips
- Aalborg, DK
- Joint Project Farm Manure Management_EN
- Joint Project Farm Manure Management_DE
- Survey Joint Project Farm Manure Management_EN
- Survey Joint Project Farm Manure Management_DE
- Asparagus farmer in Brabant, NL
- Cross-municipal and sectoral cooperation in Vansjø, NO
- FAIRWAY and WATExR project results from Vansjø, NO
- Dairy farmer in Dravsko Polje, SI
- Decision support tool framework
- Environmental Yardstick for Pesticides
- Infographics
- Water safety plans
- The Anglian Region MAP
- Drinking water protection: coherence in EU law and policy
- Potential synergies for practices reducing nitrate and pesticide pollution
- Prevent pesticide pollution
- Effectiveness of EU legislation in the context of local realities
- Cleaning out the pesticide store
- Danish farmers' recommendations
- A successful decision support tool
- The Dravsko Polje case study
- Environmental Yardstick decision support tool
- Optimized nitrogen management plans
- The Anglian Region case study
- The Arges Vedea case study
- Danish nutrient management on German farms
- The Baixo Mondejo case study
- The Vansjø case study
- The Noord Brabant case study
- The Lower Saxony case study
- The Tunø case study
- The Aalborg case study
- The Danish case studies
- Decision support tools for nutrient management
- Agriculture and water quality
- Key messages
- Farm management
- Farming measures & practices
- Review of measures to decrease nitrate pollution
- Background and objectives of the review
- Review methodology
- The nitrogen cycle and nitrogen transformation processes
- Agriculture in EU-28 and the use of nitrogen
- Processes and factors that transfer nitrates to drinking water resources
- Overview of measures and practices that decrease nitrate losses
- Further characterisation of key measures that decrease nitrate losses
- Quantitative analysis of measures and practices
- Implications of review findings
- References
- Review of measures to decrease pesticide pollution
- Background
- Agriculture and pesticide use in the EU-28 and worldwide
- Processes and factors that transfer pesticides to drinking water resurces
- Review methodology
- Qualitative review of measures and practices that decrease pesticide pollution
- Quantitative analysis of measures and practices
- Discussion and conclusions
- References
- Management practices that reduce pesticide pollution
- Management practices that reduce nitrate transport
- Review of measures to decrease nitrate pollution
- Monitoring & indicators
- Agri-drinking water quality indicators
- Nitrogen and pesticide cycles in the agri-hydrogeochemical system
- Data and indicators to regulate and monitor the use of nitrates and pesticides
- Developing FAIRWAY agri-drinking water quality indicators (ADWIs)
- Agri-drinking water quality indicators at farm and drinking water levels
- Prioritisation of agri-drinking water quality indicators
- Further prioritisation and evaluation of agri-drinking water quality indicators
- IT/sensor and automatic sampler techniques for pesticide and nitrate sampling
- Participative monitoring: involvement of citizens
- References
- Agricultural pressure and drinking water quality
- Harmonised indicator database
- Evaluating ADWIs
- Agri-drinking water quality indicators
- Decision support tools
- Farming measures & practices
- Governance & policy
- Multi-actor platforms
- Policy implementation & governance
- EU law and policy
- Executive summary
- Background
- Coherence assessment methodology
- Water Framework Directive
- Groundwater Directive
- Drinking Water Directive
- Nitrates Directive
- Directive on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides
- Directive on Environmental Impacts Assessment
- Industrial Emissions Directive
- Habitats Directive
- EU Common Agricultural Policy
- Rural Development Regulation (CAP Pillar II)
- Conclusions: is the overall legal framework fit for purpose?
- References
- Governance arrangements in case studies
- Local realities
- Management models
- Policy brief
- EU law and policy
- Scientific support for policy
- Case studies
- Island Tunø, DK
- Case study description
- Multi-actor platform engagement
- Water Safety Planning
- Monitoring & indicators
- Measures to decrease nitrate and pesticide pollution in drinking water
- Governance arrangements
- Local implementation of Nitrate and Sustainable Use (Pesticide) Directives
- Cost-effective and coherent management models for drinking water protection
- Aalborg, DK
- Case study description
- Multi-actor platform engagement
- Water Safety Planning
- Monitoring & indicators
- Measures to decrease nitrate and pesticide pollution in drinking water
- Evaluation of decision support tools
- Governance arrangements
- Local implementation of Nitrate and Sustainable Use (Pesticide) Directives
- Cost-effective and coherent management models for drinking water protection
- Anglian Region, UK
- Case study description
- Multi-actor platform engagement
- Water Safety Planning
- Monitoring & indicators
- Measures to decrease pesticide pollution in drinking water
- Evaluation of decision support tools
- Governance arrangements
- Local implementation of Nitrate and Sustainable Use (Pesticide) Directives
- Cost-effective and coherent management models for drinking water protection
- La Voulzie, FR
- Lower Saxony, DE
- Case study description
- Multi-actor platform engagement
- Water Safety Planning
- Monitoring & indicators
- Measures to decrease nitrate pollution in drinking water
- Evaluation of decision support tools
- Governance arrangements
- Local implementation of Nitrate and Sustainable Use (Pesticide) Directives
- Cost-effective and coherent management models for drinking water protection
- North Greece, GR
- Derg catchment, UK
- Case study description
- Multi-actor platform engagement
- Water Safety Planning
- Monitoring & indicators
- Measures to decrease pesticide pollution in drinking water
- Evaluation of decision support tools
- Governance arrangements
- Local implementation of Nitrate and Sustainable Use (Pesticide) Directives
- Cost-effective and coherent management models for drinking water protection
- Overijssel, NL
- Case study description
- Multi-actor platform engagement
- Water Safety Planning
- Monitoring & indicators
- Measures to decrease nitrate pollution in drinking water
- Evaluation of decision support tools
- Governance arrangements
- Local implementation of Nitrate and Sustainable Use (Pesticide) Directives
- Cost-effective and coherent management models for drinking water protection
- Noord-Brabant, NL
- Case study description
- Multi-actor platform engagement
- Water Safety Planning
- Monitoring & indicators
- Measures to decrease pesticide pollution in drinking water
- Evaluation of decision support tools
- Governance arrangements
- Local implementation of Nitrate and Sustainable Use (Pesticide) Directives
- Cost-effective and coherent management models for drinking water protection
- Vansjø, NO
- Case study description
- Multi-actor platform engagement
- Water Safety Planning
- Monitoring & indicators
- Measures to decrease nitrate pollution in drinking water
- Governance arrangements
- Local implementation of Nitrate and Sustainable Use (Pesticide) Directives
- Cost-effective and coherent management models for drinking water protection
- Baixo Mondego, PT
- Case study description
- Multi-actor platform engagement
- Water Safety Planning
- Monitoring & indicators
- Measures to decrease nitrate and pesticide pollution in drinking water
- Evaluation of decision support tools
- Governance arrangements
- Local implementation of Nitrate and Sustainable Use (Pesticide) Directives
- Arges-Vedea, RO
- Dravsko Polje, SI
- Case study description
- Multi-actor platform engagement
- Water Safety Planning
- Monitoring & indicators
- Measures to decrease nitrate and pesticide pollution in drinking water
- Evaluation of decision support tools
- Governance arrangements
- Local implementation of Nitrate and Sustainable Use (Pesticide) Directives
- Island Tunø, DK
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- Documents
- Glossary
- ADWI
- Surface WAter Scenarios Help (SWASH)
- Integrated Model for Pesticide Transport (IMPT)
- TOXic substances in Surface Waters (TOXSWA)
- GeoPEARL
- Pesticide Emission Assessment at Regional and Local Scales (PEARL)
- HAIR
- Multi-attribute Toxicity Factor Model (MATF)
- Environmental Potential Risk Indicator for Pesticides (EPRIP)
- System for Predicting the Environmental Impact of Pesticides (SyPEP)
- I-Phy
- SYNOPS-WEB
- SYNOPS
- Environmental Information System (EIS Pesticides)
- Norwegian Pesticide Risk Indicator (NERI)
- Pesticide load index (PLI)
- Treatment frequency indices (TFI)
- Environmental yardstick for pesticides (EYP)
- Toxicity – human health persistency (THP)
- Pesticide environmental risk indicator (PERI)
- Environmental impact quotient (EIQ)
- Groundwater ubiquity score (GUS) index
- Pesticide risk indicators - overview
- Nitrogen loss
- Nitrogen loss indicators - overview
- Environmental risk indicators
- Pesticide vulnerability assessment
- Assessment methods for nitrate vulnerability
- Depth to nitrate reduction interface
- Nitrate Vulnerability Assessment
- Sources of pesticides
- Nitrogen stable isotopes
- Groundwater age
- Recharging rate
- Lag time
- Catchment typology
- Indicators for regulatory compliance
- Statistical trend analysis
- Annual average concentration
- Water quality monitoring program
- Nitrogen land budget/gross nitrogen budget
- Nitrogen soil (surface) budget/net nitrogen budget
- Nitrogen farm budget
- Nitrogen budgets
- Deposition of nitrogen
- Pesticide drift
- Pesticides
- Nitrate
- Point sources
- Insecticide runoff potential
- Number of active ingredients and metabolites in water samples
- Pesticides in surface water
- Nitrates in surface water
- Nitrogen in soil water
- Leaching quantity
- Soil water content and pestide transfer
- Soil water potential and nitrate content in soil solution
- Spring soil nitrate
- Autumn soil nitrate
- After harvest soil nitrate
- Exchange frequency of the soil solution
- Drainage index
- Depth of water table
- Specialisation
- Intensification/Extensification
- Pesticide application techniques
- Type of pesticides
- Timing and splitting/frequency of pesticide application
- Fertiliser application technique
- Timing of fertilizer application
- Application of pesticides/ha and crop
- Application of pesticides/ha
- Total fertilisation/ha
- Chemical properties of pesticides
- Mineral fertilisation/ha
- Organic fertilisation/ha
- Animals out on pasture
- Manure applied in autumn
- Type of organic fertilisers used
- Livestock excretion
- Livestock feed consumption
- Livestock density
- Cropping systems
- Soil cover
- Soil cultivation/tillage practice
- Catch crop use
- Cropping patterns
- Average crop yield
- Organic/conventional farming types
- Susceptibility to erosion and compaction
- Soil properties
- Climatic conditions
- Water protection planning
- Land use change
- Land use / land cover
- Footnotes
- Innovation in FAIRWAY